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Substance Use and Associated Factors among University Students in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Gezahegn Tesfaye,Andualem Derese,Mitiku Teshome Hambisa
Journal of Addiction , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/969837
Abstract: Studies indicate that substance use among Ethiopian adolescents is considerably rising; in particular college and university students are the most at risk of substance use. The aim of the study was to assess substance use and associated factors among university students. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1040 Haramaya University students using self-administered structured questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used to select students. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were done. About two-thirds (62.4%) of the participants used at least one substance. The most commonly used substance was alcohol (50.2%). Being male had strong association with substance use (AOR (95% CI), 3.11 (2.20, 4.40)). The odds of substance use behaviour is higher among third year students (AOR (95% CI), 1.48 (1.01, 2.16)). Being a follower of Muslim (AOR (95% CI), 0.62 (0.44, 0.87)) and Protestant (AOR (95% CI), 0.25 (0.17, 0.36)) religions was shown to be protective of substance use. Married (AOR (95% CI), 1.92 (1.12, 3.30)) and depressed (AOR (95% CI), 3.30 (2.31, 4.72)) students were more likely to use substances than others. The magnitude of substance use was high. This demands special attention, emergency preventive measures, and targeted information, education and communication activity. 1. Introduction The use of substances such as alcohol, khat, and tobacco has become one of the rising major public health and socioeconomic problems worldwide [1]. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and illicit drug accounts 5.4% of the total burden of disease. Another 3.7% of the global burden of disease is attributable to tobacco use. And disorders due to psychoactive substance use including alcohol, drug, and tobacco dependence are the main underlying conditions ultimately responsible for the largest proportion of the global burden of disease attributable to substance use [2]. The rapid economic, social, and cultural transitions that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are now experiencing have created a favorable condition for increased and socially disruptive use of drugs and alcohol [3]. Substance misuse is a growing problem in Ethiopia, as in many developing countries. Alcohol and khat are the most frequent substances of abuse [4]. According to the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2011, the prevalence of alcohol use among men and women is 53% and 45%, respectively, and 11% of women and 28% of men ever chewed khat [5]. Studies indicate that substance use among Ethiopian adolescents is considerably rising
Induced Abortion and Associated Factors in Health Facilities of Guraghe Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Gezahegn Tesfaye,Mitiku Teshome Hambisa,Agumasie Semahegn
Journal of Pregnancy , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/295732
Abstract: Unsafe abortion is one of the major medical and public health problems in developing countries including Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of up-to-date and reliable information on induced abortion distribution and its determinant factors in the country. This study was intended to assess induced abortion and associated factors in health facilities of Guraghe zone, Southern Ethiopia. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in eight health facilities in Guraghe zone. Client exit interview was conducted on 400 patients using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with induced abortion. Out of 400 women, 75.5% responded that the current pregnancy that ended in abortion is unwanted. However, only 12.3% of the respondents have admitted interference to the current pregnancy. Having more than four pregnancies (AOR？=？4.28, CI: (1.24–14.71)), age of 30–34 years (AOR？=？0.15, CI: (0.04–0.55)), primary education (AOR？=？0.26, CI: (0.13–0.88)), and wanted pregnancy (AOR？=？0.44, CI: (0.14–0.65)) were found to have association with induced abortion. The study revealed high level of induced abortion which is underpinned by high magnitude of unwanted pregnancy. There is requirement for widespread expansion of increased access to high quality family planning service and post-abortion care. 1. Introduction World Health Organization (WHO) defines unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating unwanted pregnancy either by people lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards or both [1]. According to WHO, worldwide unsafe abortions were estimated to be 21.6 million, almost all in developing countries. Each year, throughout the world, approximately 210 million women became pregnant and around one in 10 pregnancies ends in an unsafe abortion. The estimated annual number of unsafe abortions in Sub-Saharan Africa is 5.5 million. Although unsafe abortions are preventable, they continue to pose undue risks to a woman’s health [2]. Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5, announced in 2001, is an internationally agreed-upon imperative to reduce maternal mortality by 75% from its 1990 level by the year 2015. As a significant proportion of mortality is due to unsafe abortion, this goal probably cannot be met without specific and direct programmatic efforts to reduce the impact of unsafe abortion [3]. Unsafe abortion accounts for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide and as much as 25% in some countries [4]. Over 40% of the total deaths due to unsafe
Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Adherence and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Melaku Berhe,Meaza Demissie,Gezahegn Tesfaye
Advances in Epidemiology , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/230587
Abstract: Tuberculosis coinfected with HIV constitutes a large proportion of patients in Ethiopia. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. However, the level of IPT adherence and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) have not been well explored. This study aimed to assess adherence to IPT and associated factors among PLHIV in Addis Ababa. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted. The study was conducted in 10 health centers and 2 hospitals. Patients were consecutively recruited till the required sample size was obtained. From 406 PLHIV approached, a total of 381 patients on IPT were interviewed. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi-Info version 3.5 and SPSS version 16. The level of adherence to IPT was 89.5%. Patients who have taken isoniazid for ≥5 months were more likely to be adherent than those who took it for 1-2 months [AOR (95%CI) = 5.09 (1.41–18.36)]. Patients whose friends decide for them to start IPT were less likely to be adherent than others [AOR (95%CI) = 0.10 (0.01–0.82)]. The level of adherence to IPT in PLHIV was high. Counseling of patients who are in their first two months of therapy should be more strengthened. Strong Information Education Communication is essential to further enhance adherence. 1. Introduction Globally, the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) continues to grow. According to UNAIDS report, globally, an estimated 35.3 (32.2–38.8) million people were living with HIV and 1.6 (1.4–1.9) million AIDS related deaths in 2012. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to bear the burden of the global epidemic. A total of 25.0 (23.5–26.6) million people were living with HIV in 2012 in sub-Saharan Africa and an adult prevalence of 4.7% is reported [1–3]. With an estimated 1.1 million PLHIV, Ethiopia has one of the largest populations of HIV infected people in the world. However, HIV prevalence among the adult population is lower than many sub-Saharan African countries. The national and Addis Ababa adult HIV prevalence in 2010 was estimated to be 2.4% and 9.2%, respectively [4, 5]. TB though curable, it is one of the most common causes of HIV-related illness and death. About 11.5 million adults living with HIV/AIDS are estimated to be coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with 71% of those coinfected living in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, routine data from 44 sites in the year 2005/2006 showed that 41% of TB patients are HIV positive. Another routine data collected in 2006/2007 showed that coinfection is 31% [2, 6]. HIV is the most important
Application of the Andersen-Newman model of health care utilization to understand antenatal care use in Kersa District, Eastern Ethiopia
Catherine Chojenta,Deborah Loxton,Gezahegn Tesfaye,Roger Smith
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208729
Abstract:
A stitch in time: a cross-sectional survey looking at long lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and attrition in SNNPR, Ethiopia
Esey Batisso, Tedila Habte, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Dawit Getachew, Agonafer Tekalegne, Albert Kilian, Betty Mpeka, Caroline Lynch
Malaria Journal , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-183
Abstract: A total of 750 household respondents were interviewed across malarious, rural kebeles of SNNPR. Households were randomly selected following a two-stage cluster sampling design where kebeles were defined as clusters. Kebeles were chosen using proportional population sampling (PPS), and 25 households within 30 kebeles randomly chosen.Approximately 67.5% (95%CI: 64.1–70.8) of households currently owned at least one net. An estimated 31.0% (95%CI 27.9–34.4) of all nets owned in the previous three years had been discarded by owners, the majority of whom considered the nets too torn, old or dirty (79.9%: 95%CI 75.8–84.0). Households reported that one-third of nets (33.7%) were less than one year old when they were discarded. The majority (58.8%) of currently owned nets had ‘good’ structural integrity according to a proportionate Hole Index. Nearly two-thirds of households (60.6%) reported using their nets the previous night. The overriding reason for not using nets was that they were too torn (45.7%, 95% CI 39.1–50.7). Yet, few households are making repairs to their nets (3.7%, 95% CI: 2.4–5.1).Results suggest that the life span of nets may be shorter than previously thought, with little maintenance by their owners. With the global move towards malaria elimination it makes sense to aim for sustained high coverage of LLINs. However, in the current economic climate, it also makes sense to hark back to simple tools and messages on the importance of careful net maintenance, which could increase their lifespans.
Legal and Institutional Challenges Facing the Somali Regional State in the Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment  [PDF]
Melaku Gezahegn Mekonnin
Beijing Law Review (BLR) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/blr.2019.103027
Abstract: Ethiopia is a federal country wherein all regional states making the federation are required to establish an independent regional environmental agency or designate an existing agency to carry out environmental protection and management duties. In line with this, the Ethiopian Somali Regional state (one among of the federating states) has enacted legislations and established institutions designated for the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment. This research mainly aims to show whether the required legal and institutional frameworks related with EIA are established in the region through systematic analysis of legal documents. Moreover, interviews were conducted with the concerned regional authorities and data gathered were qualitatively described to show implementation of EIA in the region. Accordingly, the proper analysis of legislations and interviews conducted reveals the fact that beyond the positive progress achieved, there are legal and institutional gaps affecting the implementation of EIA in the region. Lack of a directive listing projects requiring EIA and those that do not and a guideline that determines categories of public instruments to be initiated by the regional organs are among the major challenges facing the region in the implementation of EIA. Institutionally too, the regional environmental authority is not staffed with required EIA experts and is not cascaded down to other major towns of the region as is required by the law. Lack of coordination among the regional institutions, unavailability of qualified environmental experts, consultants and meaningful participation of the public during EIA preparation are also the basic challenges affecting the implementation of EIA. Hence, so as to properly integrate environmental concerns into developmental aspiration of the region, it is argued in this paper that challenges related with legislations and institutional gaps need to be properly addressed by the concerned regional authorities.
Performance of three multi-species rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Ruth A Ashton, Takele Kefyalew, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Helen Counihan, Damtew Yadeta, Bonnie Cundill, Richard Reithinger, Jan H Kolaczinski
Malaria Journal , 2010, DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-297
Abstract: Performance of three multi-species (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH and pf-HRP2/aldolase) RDTs (CareStart？, ParaScreen？ and ICT Combo？) was compared with 'gold standard' microscopy at three health centres in Jimma zone, Oromia Regional State. Ease of RDT use by health extension workers was assessed at community health posts. RDT heat stability was tested in a controlled laboratory setting according to WHO procedures.A total of 2,383 patients with suspected malaria were enrolled between May and July 2009, 23.2% of whom were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites by microscopy. All three RDTs were equally sensitive in detecting P. falciparum or mixed infection: 85.6% (95% confidence interval 81.2-89.4). RDT specificity was similar for detection of P. falciparum or mixed infection at around 92%. For detecting P. vivax infection, all three RDTs had similar sensitivity in the range of 82.5 to 85.0%. CareStart had higher specificity in detecting P. vivax (97.2%) than both ParaScreen and ICT Combo (p < 0.001 and p = 0.05, respectively). Health extension workers preferred CareStart and ParaScreen to ICT Combo due to the clear labelling of bands on the cassette, while the 'lab in a pack' style of CareStart was the preferred design. ParaScreen and CareStart passed all heat stability testing, while ICT Combo did not perform as well.CareStart appeared to be the most appropriate option for use at health posts in Ethiopia, considering the combination of quantitative performance, ease of use and heat stability. When new products become available, the choice of multi-species RDT for Ethiopia should be regularly re-evaluated, as it would be desirable to identify a test with higher sensitivity than the ones evaluated here.Approximately 52 million people in Ethiopia are considered to be at risk of malaria [1]. The disease is reportedly the leading cause of morbidity, accounting for about 12% of the total outpatient visits and 9.9% of the total admissions in 2007 [2]. Between 4-6 million clin
School-based surveys of malaria in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: a rapid survey method for malaria in low transmission settings
Ruth A Ashton, Takele Kefyalew, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Rachel L Pullan, Damtew Yadeta, Richard Reithinger, Jan H Kolaczinski, Simon Brooker
Malaria Journal , 2011, DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-25
Abstract: Two hundred primary schools were randomly selected using a stratified and weighted sampling frame; 100 children aged five to 18 years were then randomly chosen within each school. Surveys were carried out in May 2009 and from October to December 2009, to coincide with the peak of malaria transmission in different parts of Oromia. Each child was tested for malaria by expert microscopy, their haemoglobin measured and a simple questionnaire completed. Satellite-derived environmental data were used to assess ecological correlates of Plasmodium infection; Bayesian geostatistical methods and Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic were employed to investigate spatial heterogeneity.A total 20,899 children from 197 schools provided blood samples, two selected schools were inaccessible and one school refused to participate. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium infection was found to be 0.56% (95% CI: 0.46-0.67%), with 53% of infections due to P. falciparum and 47% due to P. vivax. Of children surveyed, 17.6% (95% CI: 17.0-18.1%) were anaemic, while 46% reported sleeping under a mosquito net the previous night. Malaria was found at 30 (15%) schools to a maximum elevation of 2,187 metres, with school-level Plasmodium prevalence ranging between 0% and 14.5%. Although environmental variables were only weakly associated with P. falciparum and P. vivax infection, clusters of infection were identified within Oromia.These findings demonstrate the marked spatial heterogeneity of malaria in Oromia and, in general, Ethiopia, and provide a strong epidemiological basis for planning as well as monitoring and evaluating malaria control in a setting with seasonal and unstable malaria transmission.Following the recent achievements in global malaria control [1], there is increased emphasis on monitoring these achievements and on refining the epidemiological landscape in order to determine intervention needs and guide implementation [2]. Household surveys, including Malaria Indicator Surveys (MISs)
Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
Hiwot Teka, Beyene Petros, Lawrence Yamuah, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Ibrahim Elhassan, Simon Muchohi, Gilbert Kokwaro, Abraham Aseffa, Howard Engers
Malaria Journal , 2008, DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-220
Abstract: An in vivo drug efficacy study was conducted in Debre Zeit from June to August 2006. Eighty-seven patients with microscopically confirmed P. vivax malaria, aged between 8 months and 52 years, were recruited and treated under supervision with CQ (25 mg/kg over three days). Clinical and parasitological parameters were assessed during the 28 day follow-up period. CQ and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) blood and serum concentrations were determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in patients who showed recurrent parasitaemia.Of the 87 patients recruited in the study, one was lost to follow-up and three were excluded due to P. falciparum infection during follow-up. A total of 83 (95%) of the study participants completed the follow-up. On enrolment, 39.8% had documented fever and 60.2% had a history of fever. The geometric mean parasite density of the patients was 7045 parasites/μl. Among these, four patients had recurrent parasitaemia on Day 28. The blood CQ plus DCQ concentrations of these four patients were all above the minimal effective concentration (> 100 ng/ml).Chloroquine-resistant P. vivax parasites are emerging in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A multi-centre national survey is needed to better understand the extent of P. vivax resistance to CQ in Ethiopia.Plasmodium vivax malaria is the most geographically widespread and the second prevalent cause of malaria globally. Among 2.6 billion people at risk of malaria infection, annual estimates of P. vivax cases range from 130 to 435 million [1], 90% of these infections occur outside Africa [2]. Ethiopia has the highest proportion of P. vivax malaria on the continent, accounting for approximately 40% of all infection in the country [3].Chloroquine (CQ) is the first line treatment for P. vivax malaria in most parts of the world. However, CQ resistance in P. vivax has compromised its use since the first reported cases from Papua New Guinea in 1989 [4]. Since then, cases of resistance have been reported from places
Child Rights Protection in Ethiopia: Critical Analysis of the Statutory Rape Provisions of the Criminal Code and Their Application  [PDF]
Amare Tesfaye
Beijing Law Review (BLR) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/blr.2017.84028
Abstract: Children, due to their mental and physical immaturity, are among the vulnerable section of the society. States are thus required to provide special protection and care for children by making necessary legal and institutional arrangements. To this effect, Ethiopia has ratified international and regional human rights instruments meant to provide protection for children. It also included provisions protecting child rights in its constitution. These constitutional provisions have also found expression in the subsequent legislative reform that, among others, resulted in the adoption of a New Criminal Code in 2004. This Criminal Code replaces the provisions of the earlier 1957 Penal Code on statutory rape providing better protection for children against sexual abuse. Yet, gaps still persist both in the law and practice in terms of fully realizing the rights of children in Ethiopia. This article aims to examine the legal and practical protection of children by the statutory rape provisions of the Criminal Code in the Ethiopian legal system. In doing so, it attempts to evaluate the current statutory rape provisions of the Criminal Code against child rights standards as well as evaluating the practical application of the laws by courts and prosecutors.
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